Arsenic (As) is a
ubiquitous element with atomic number 33. It was first documented by Albertus
Magnus in 1250. It can be found in many oxidative forms (-3, 0, +3, +5)
and is released through various natural and anthropogenic activities. Humans
may get exposed to arsenic through food, water and air. Exposure may also occur
through skin contact with soil or water that contains arsenic; but exposure
through groundwater contamination is more serious and has become the major
concern throughout the world. According to recent reports over 150 millions of
people are exposed to chronic arsenic poisoning by groundwater throughout the
world. Owing to its extreme toxicity EPA (Environmental Protection Act, US) has
ranked the arsenic as number one in a list of drinking water contaminants and
has set the arsenic standard for drinking water at .010 parts per million (10
parts per billion).
Early exposure leads to
change in skin Pigmentation and development of keratosis at chronic level.
Chronic arsenic poisoning also produces various systemic manifestations
over and above skin lesions viz. chronic lung disease, chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease, liver disease, peripheral vascular disease,
hypertension, heart disease, diabetes mellitus, non-pitting edema of
feet/hands, weakness and anemia. Cancer of skin, lung and urinary bladder are
also associated with chronic arsenic toxicity.
References: Chronic arsenic toxicity & human health , D.N. Guha Mazumder, 2008
Wikipedia, US-EPA, NRDC.
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